Risposta: Sembra che i responsabili siano gli ormoni steroidei prodotti in situazioni di stress (ed anche di fronte a persone sconosciute). Infatti bloccando la produzione di steroidi per via farmacologica o diminuendone la produzione mediante la partecipazione ad una attività sociale piacevole ( gioco) la partecipazione empatica aumenta in maniera significativa come dimostra questa originale ricerca.
Ecco l’abstract dell’articolo:
Reducing Social Stress Elicits Emotional Contagion of Pain in Mouse and Human Strangers
Loren J. Martin, Georgia Hathaway, Kelsey Isbester, Sara Mirali, Erinn L. Acland, Nils Niederstrasser, Peter M. Slepian, Zina Trost, Jennifer A. Bartz, Robert M. Sapolsky, Wendy F. Sternberg, Daniel J. Levitin, Jeffrey S. Mogil
(Current Biology Volume 25, Issue 3, p326–332, 2 February 2015)
Highlights
- Emotional contagion of pain in stranger mice can be elicited by stress reduction
- Emotional contagion of pain in cagemate mice can be blocked by stress
- Emotional contagion of pain in humans occurs in friends, but not strangers
- Stress reduction in humans can elicit emotional contagion of pain in strangers
Summary
Empathy for another’s physical pain has been demonstrated in humans and mice ; in both species, empathy is stronger between familiars. Stress levels in stranger dyads are higher than in cagemate dyads or isolated mice, suggesting that stress might be responsible for the absence of empathy for the pain of strangers. We show here that blockade of glucocorticoid synthesis or receptors for adrenal stress hormones elicits the expression of emotional contagion (a form of empathy) in strangers of both species. Mice and undergraduates were tested for sensitivity to noxious stimulation alone and/or together (dyads).
In familiar, but not stranger, pairs, dyadic testing was associated with increased pain behaviors or ratings compared to isolated testing. Pharmacological blockade of glucocorticoid synthesis or glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors enabled the expression of emotional contagion of pain in mouse and human stranger dyads, as did a shared gaming experience (the video game Rock Band) in human strangers. Our results demonstrate that emotional contagion is prevented, in an evolutionarily conserved manner, by the stress of a social interaction with an unfamiliar conspecific and can be evoked by blocking the endocrine stress response.
